Free Essays on Bopolar Disorder

Definition Bipolar, or hyper burdensome turmoil, is a disposition issue that causes radical enthusiastic changes and emotional episodes, from hyper highs to burdensome lows. Most of bipolar people experience substituting scenes of lunacy and misery. Depiction In the United States alone, bipolar turmoil distresses just about 2,000,000 individuals at a yearly expense of over $45 billion, as per a 1991 report by the National Institutes of Mental Health. The normal time of beginning of bipolar issue is from immaturity through the mid twenties. In any case, in light of the multifaceted nature of the confusion, a right determination can be postponed for quite a long while or more. In an overview of bipolar patients led by the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA), one-portion of respondents announced visiting at least three experts before accepting a right analysis, and more than 33% revealed a hold up of ten years or more before they were effectively analyzed. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), the analytic standard for emotional well-being experts in the United States, characterizes four separate classes of bipolar issue: bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia, and bipolar not-something else determined (NOS). Bipolar I issue is portrayed by hyper scenes, the high of the hyper burdensome cycle. A bipolar patient encountering insanity frequently has sentiments of affectedness, happiness, garrulity, expanded amiability, and a longing to leave on objective situated exercises, combined with the attributes of fractiousness, anxiety, lack of caution, hyperactivity, and a diminished requirement for rest. Typically this hyper period is trailed by a time of melancholy, albeit a couple of bipolar I people may not encounter a significant burdensome scene. Blended states, where both hyper or hypomanic side effects and burdensome side effects happen simultaneously, likewise happen as often as possible with bipolar... Free Essays on Bopolar Disorder Free Essays on Bopolar Disorder Definition Bipolar, or hyper burdensome confusion, is a state of mind issue that causes radical enthusiastic changes and emotional episodes, from hyper highs to burdensome lows. Most of bipolar people experience substituting scenes of craziness and wretchedness. Depiction In the United States alone, bipolar turmoil besets just about 2,000,000 individuals at a yearly expense of over $45 billion, as indicated by a 1991 report by the National Institutes of Mental Health. The normal period of beginning of bipolar issue is from youthfulness through the mid twenties. Be that as it may, in light of the multifaceted nature of the confusion, a right conclusion can be postponed for quite a long while or more. In a study of bipolar patients directed by the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA), one-portion of respondents announced visiting at least three experts before accepting a right determination, and more than 33% revealed a hold up of ten years or more before they were accurately analyzed. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), the analytic standard for emotional wellness experts in the United States, characterizes four separate classifications of bipolar issue: bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia, and bipolar not-something else determined (NOS). Bipolar I issue is described by hyper scenes, the high of the hyper burdensome cycle. A bipolar patient encountering madness regularly has sentiments of gaudiness, joy, chattiness, expanded friendliness, and a craving to set out on objective arranged exercises, combined with the attributes of crabbiness, restlessness, imprudence, hyperactivity, and a diminished requirement for rest. Typically this hyper period is trailed by a time of misery, albeit a couple of bipolar I people may not encounter a significant burdensome scene. Blended states, where both hyper or hypomanic manifestations and burdensome indications happen simultaneously, additionally happen often with bipolar...

How Music Can Portray Emotions

How Music Can Portray Emotions Torey A. Brooksâ Theoretical Music audience members of any age have seen numerous investigations addressing whether music can reliably communicate feelings. Far less consideration has been committed to the real substance of the musics open procedure for our feelings and the manner in which it makes us need to move to the beat. The examination will think about whether music can pass on enthusiastic substance. Layers of different harmonies enable audience members to see increasingly perplexing feelings; however the articulations are less diversely invariant and progressively subject to the social setting as well as the individual audience (Juslin, 2013). These feelings are communicated in manners like giggling, crying, or physical developments which just as the music, additionally animates our mind. Catchphrases: music, feeling, articulation, correspondence, development Presentation Music influences everybody in some way or another. Some hear it out routinely while some just listen periodically. We hear music in our vehicles, in lifts, at the specialists office, or while we are waiting; it is an indispensable piece of our lives whether we consider it or not. There are numerous things that energize our cerebrums reward focuses, among them are our passionate reactions to music and how that music makes us need to shake our bodies. While we can encounter a transitory rush from a rapid vehicle pursue on a film screen, a bit of music can cause changing feelings relying upon its significance for us on some random day. It is imagined that the production of music was done through cadenced developments, for example, the tapping of feet. Joy focuses of our mind are associated with our engine tactile. Watching others move, not just influences our needing to move, it achieves an euphoric intrigue to the music since it is influencing us inwardly. Music not just realizes profo und expressive encounters, it makes us need to move to the beat and whether we can transparently recognize it or not, elevates our spirits as is prove by the a large number of recordings of people who post their singing and moving experiences identified with the music they tune in to. Proof In one sense, artists are not really communicating their own feelings as most music is composed by different specialists; they are feeling just as communicating the musics feelings. Per Why do we like to danceAnd move to the beat? (2008), the term passionate articulation normally implies that audience members see the musics enthusiastic significance. Music is a path for people to communicate their lifes current perspective. While an audience could see any feeling in a bit of music, not all recognitions will be a similar which is the reason there are various styles of music accessible. Proof recommends that tactile encounters are likewise engine encounters (Why do we like to danceAnd move to the beat?, 2008). Along these lines, it is observable that while somebody is viewing someone else move, our minds development territories are by and large unwittingly enacted and we are anticipating how an artist will move dependent on how the music causes us to feel. As confirmed by Juslin (2013) there is some base degree of understanding among various audience members with respect to the articulation, apparently in light of the fact that there is something in the music that delivers a comparable impression in numerous audience members. At the point when a writer composes music, he does so trusting that the audience will locate a natural worth and delight so they will keep on tuning in to the music. While there may be a particular purpose for the music structure, the music can mean much more to numerous audience members than the arranger who composed it. The term essential or discrete feelings happens often in the music brain research field today, normally alluding to specific feelings, for example, joy, misery, outrage, and dread, yet with no more profound thought of the hypothetical premise of the idea (Juslin, 2013). Music that was composed with feelings past those Juslin noted, are composed for the individual encounters that the writer has felt in his own life and seem to do well concerning being tuned in to or mentioned for play on the radio. Music that has a snappy tune, yet doesn't contact us sincerely blur rapidly into what are known as one hit ponders. Most performers attempt to create their music around life circumstances that have influenced them in an enthusiastic manner. They would like to pass on those feelings to other people who can partake in similar sentiments or if nothing else identify with them. Music that contacts our feelings of affection, misfortune, mending, or whatever we search for in music, will be music that will consistently contact our hearts. Studies in regards to how music takes advantage of our feelings rank the best ten feeling terms as bliss, trouble, outrage, dread and love, delicacy, and this propensity was comparative over the three informational indexes, in spite of contrasts in tests (artists versus understudies, different nations) and determinations of feeling terms (going from 32 to 38 terms) (Juslin, 2013). At the point when I started this paper, I effectively kept a tally of how frequently I heard music for the duration of the day that I didn't start; it arrived at the midpoint of thirty-two events in a single day. After that test, I started to take a gander at how the music influenced me on these noninitiate events. It was at the bank and entryway music was playing or I was sitting tight in line for my lunch and they had music playing out of sight. Unknowingly, I discovered myself murmuring or marking along and if the time was long enough, I found myself moving to the hits. Remaining in the bank murmuring carried me to a period years back when I used to chip in a childrens service. I can recollect aiding childrens church and paying little heed to the childrens mentality upon appearance, the second we as a whole started singing and playing instruments, everybody could obviously observe the quieting changes in a room of 40, 3-and 4-year-old kids; they turned out to be increasingly seren e, complete. They were increasingly obliging to endure an exercise and their folks saw that they were progressively well-suited to nod off on their way home. While this is certainly not a controlled trial, the youngsters went through 10 minutes singing and moving and the expanding influences went on for 6 hours. End As I felt quieted in the keep money with my murmuring and influencing, singing with development quieted the childrens spirits and gave them an enthusiastic outlet for the encounters in their little universes. I don't accept they intentionally comprehended the advantages of the music and development, they just really delighted in it. Music and move may simply be especially pleasurable activators of the tangible and engine circuits. So,㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦humans like watching others moving (and being moving themselves), adding music to the blend might be an apex of remuneration. (For what reason do we like to danceAnd move to the beat?, 2008). In this way, the facts confirm that music can achieve profound enthusiastic encounters and it can make us need to move with the beat as it elevates our spirits. In any case in the event that we tune in to music coolly or unfailingly, it can move our spirits in manners inconceivable. References: Juslin, P. N. (2013). What does music express? Fundamental feelings and past. Recovered from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3764399/ For what reason do we like to danceAnd move to the beat? (2008, September 26). Recovered from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/specialists move/

Fun in NYC Part 2

Fun in NYC Part 2 Sunday wasnt productive. Seriously, you try working when you know that in less than 24 hours youll be in New York and playing with toys. Maddie and I planned on leaving for South Station at about 11:45 PM so at about 10:30 we started getting ready. That meant slacks, collared shirt, and tie for me while Maddie just packed clothes to put on later. I brought nice shoes but there was no way I was going to wear them all day, so I wore my tennis shoes and a baseball hat for the trip. We hopped on the two oclock bus and settled in for the ride. The Chinatown bus has caught on fire and flipped over a couple of times but we didnt have any issues. It was hard to sleep on (bumpy) but we got some naps in. When the bus stopped it was 6 AM and nothing was in English. I took this to mean that either wed found a wormhole and ended up on the other side of the planet or that we were in New York City ready for a day of awesome. We walked up Bowery Street until we could read the signs on the buildings and settled down in Starbucks to do some PSETing. That worked, um, kinda well, but eventually I got anxious and wanted to go explore. We went to Times Square and shopped around in the MM store, tried to visit the Toys R Us (closed), and then headed to the Javits Center for TOY FAIR 2008! We contacted Jonathan and he, along with Kevin (the guy who spoke to us at Hasbro) met us out front with our official letters and an American Express. Moment of truth, time to see if we were actually going to be attending Toy Fair. This is what our letters looked like: Can you see the Mr. Potato Head watermark in the lower right? Thats Mr. Michael Snively to you! We walked up to the registration desk with our forms filled out, our letters, our MIT IDs, and state IDs. We push everything up towards the lady and got this really strange, incredulous look in return. Um, are you two over 18? Right, I dont think I mentioned this. You have to be over 18 in order to attend Toy Fair. Apparently Maddie and I dont look over 18. Yes, here are our IDs. Hm, and youre here for Hasbro. . . with a letter [she takes this opportunity to read the letter very carefully] Well, I guess you have all the right stuff. Have a good time. She stamped a red star onto our registration sheet. SCORE! We went to the next lady whose job it was to type up and print our badges. She takes one look at us and goes Um, are you two over 18? My Brain: Of course we are! See this little red star!? This one, right here, where it says Im representing Hasbro? The one I got when I showed that lady over there my drivers license? Are you serious!? My Mouth: Yes. She spent some time typing, working out payment, and getting us officially registered. Upon completion she sent us to the next area to pick up our badges. The next lady looks at us but before she can say anything I chime in. Were over 18. RIght, because I was going to say, you look young. I know, but were 18. Were inventors for Hasbro. Alright then, here are your badges. Im framing this. We said goodbye to Jonathan and Kevin, grabbed maps, and looked around. We had made it. We were at Toy Fair 2008. Awesome stair stickers Awesome banner We descended the escalator into the lower level of Toy Fair, had our badges scanned, and then entered the fray. Its hard to describe our emotional state at that moment. It was somewhere between when all the kids in Willy Wonka first saw the candy room, and when Little Inez won the Miss Teenage Hairspray pageant in Hairspray. It was SO overwhelming, you have no idea! It took us a little bit to figure out what to do, but eventually we went to the corner and started working our way up and down the aisles. Ill cover the just the highlights because there was WAY too much to blog. Pokemon Booth 8 years ago this would have been THE booth to be at. Giant Pokemon, toys everywhere, and an entire wall of trading cards. Back in my day there were only 150 Pokemon! Wiggle Racer This was probably our favorite item in the show. Yes, I know, theyve been around for a long time, but Id never seen them before and I want one. This is Kevin Stafford, the marketing guy, riding one. From 3 to 103 And this is how they work: We hung out here for a long time, bringing him a ton of good publicity as people flocked to see us play. People started to think that we worked there and were asking us all sorts of questions, which I tried to answer. Then I realized that I should stop pretending to work there and get on with the show, which I did, but I definitely recommend the Wiggle Racer. Cardboard Fire Truck I cant remember the name of the company, but there was a huge supply of large trucks and houses made of cardboard that are color-able. Genius? Genius. Fire Twuck! Poly Pong Four-Square meets ping-pong. Any questions? Im pretty terrible at this, actually, but its very fun. LEGO We didnt get a chance to actually go into the LEGO booth because they were doing private appointments, but we did get to check out the giant Star Wars and Indiana Jones LEGO sculptures. Star Wars Indiana Jones Id like to take this opportunity to inform you of some observations Maddie and I made while there. First off, we looked under 18 and people realized it. We got some NASTY looks from security and some people in booths. Seriously, we started to count how many scowls and glares we caught. Its almost as if these people didnt want kids looking at their toys. Another thing we noticed is that people hated that we represented Hasbro. Hasbro wasnt actually on the show floor, they had their own building across the street where they had a veritable museum of new toys. The show floor had a lot of individual shop owners and inventors trying to get their products marketed. Hasbro has the ability to steal, build, and market any of these toys on a whim. Guess what we looked like. . . .spies! One lady, who was selling giant pipe cleaners that could be used to build big fuzzy animals, pretty much told us to get away from her booth. She didnt want anything to do with us. We walked up to the Disney booth and asked if we could go in (it looked kind of private). The lady looked at us, looked at our badges, and said Um, let me get you some escorts. wtf? She walked over to another guy and said Can I let these two in? They look young. Luckily the guy wasnt as ignorant as she was. He looked at us, then at her, and said They have badges that say Hasbro. Of course theyre old enough, theyre fine, let them in. Thank you logical reasoning! For some reason all of the Nintendo toys were hidden away in the Disney booth. A DS holder Master Sword The Simpsons Two awesome Simpsons products made a showing. Duff Energy Drink. Good idea? I think so. Others? Not so much. Spoons, Simpsons style The issue with these is that the donuts were foam, and if youve ever played Spoons before then youd know that 7 foam donuts would quickly become 14 foam donuts. The guy there confessed that hed never thought of that and would inform his engineers. Therefore, if this game is released with plastic donuts, I take FULL credit. Plastic Smart Toys Soon we discovered a giant game of Rush Hour, which Maddie quickly dominated. Take that congestion! A whole table of Rubiks Cubes! By this time we were starting to run out of toys. Well, by run out of toys I mean that we had glanced at everything once. As we were heading toward some more toys we saw the Elmer booth, which for some reason was selling Bill Nye the Science Guy toys. Is Bill Nye here? Maddie asked. No, I dont see him, thatd be ridiculous. This is when I notice a sign. Bill Nye the Science Guy will be here on Monday from 2 PM to 4 PM. Our heads almost exploded out of excitement! We checked our watches, it was 1:30 PM. We meandered for a while and at about 2:15 we headed back to the Elmer booth. This is what we saw: Yes. Thats Bill Nye. Oh. My. God. Maddie and I waited a bit and then went up and started chatting with him. There was your typical awkward conversation to start with but then we started talking about MIT, toys, Hasbro, and then I brought up a very crucial point. TAKE NOTE MIT ADMINISTRATION, TAKE NOTE: Bill (first name basis, thats right), would you speak for MITs Class of 2011 commencement? Sure, Id be happy to. MIT would just have to ask me. ASK HIM!!!!!!!!! We chatted some more and then had our picture taken with him. He taught us the proper technique for taking your own picture, and this is the magical picture of the day. Bill is taking our picture with his left hand. Finally we got some autographs, thanked him a lot, and wandered off in a star-struck daze. OMG Science Rules! Toy Fair pretty much peaked at that point. We wandered some more, playing with toys, but nothing really matched meeting a childhood hero. Maddie and I got a bunch of business cards, a job offer, and some free toys before deciding to take off and get some dinner. We got distracted on the way to dinner and explored the TImes Square Toys R Us (so fun!) and then ate at TGI Fridays. After dinner it was a brisk walk back to the bus (9 oclock) and a 4 hour ride back to Boston. One more cab ride, a walk down dorm row, and we were finally back in our dorm. We had awesome badges, an awesome letter, pictures with Bill Nye, and a bunch of free and colorful stuff. It was an incredible day that I hope to remember forever. Nothing beats going to Toy Fair 2008 as a representative of Hasbro (on their dime), meeting Bill Nye, playing with toys, and eating dinner in New York City. Nothing beats it.

Fun in NYC Part 2

Fun in NYC Part 2 Sunday wasnt productive. Seriously, you try working when you know that in less than 24 hours youll be in New York and playing with toys. Maddie and I planned on leaving for South Station at about 11:45 PM so at about 10:30 we started getting ready. That meant slacks, collared shirt, and tie for me while Maddie just packed clothes to put on later. I brought nice shoes but there was no way I was going to wear them all day, so I wore my tennis shoes and a baseball hat for the trip. We hopped on the two oclock bus and settled in for the ride. The Chinatown bus has caught on fire and flipped over a couple of times but we didnt have any issues. It was hard to sleep on (bumpy) but we got some naps in. When the bus stopped it was 6 AM and nothing was in English. I took this to mean that either wed found a wormhole and ended up on the other side of the planet or that we were in New York City ready for a day of awesome. We walked up Bowery Street until we could read the signs on the buildings and settled down in Starbucks to do some PSETing. That worked, um, kinda well, but eventually I got anxious and wanted to go explore. We went to Times Square and shopped around in the MM store, tried to visit the Toys R Us (closed), and then headed to the Javits Center for TOY FAIR 2008! We contacted Jonathan and he, along with Kevin (the guy who spoke to us at Hasbro) met us out front with our official letters and an American Express. Moment of truth, time to see if we were actually going to be attending Toy Fair. This is what our letters looked like: Can you see the Mr. Potato Head watermark in the lower right? Thats Mr. Michael Snively to you! We walked up to the registration desk with our forms filled out, our letters, our MIT IDs, and state IDs. We push everything up towards the lady and got this really strange, incredulous look in return. Um, are you two over 18? Right, I dont think I mentioned this. You have to be over 18 in order to attend Toy Fair. Apparently Maddie and I dont look over 18. Yes, here are our IDs. Hm, and youre here for Hasbro. . . with a letter [she takes this opportunity to read the letter very carefully] Well, I guess you have all the right stuff. Have a good time. She stamped a red star onto our registration sheet. SCORE! We went to the next lady whose job it was to type up and print our badges. She takes one look at us and goes Um, are you two over 18? My Brain: Of course we are! See this little red star!? This one, right here, where it says Im representing Hasbro? The one I got when I showed that lady over there my drivers license? Are you serious!? My Mouth: Yes. She spent some time typing, working out payment, and getting us officially registered. Upon completion she sent us to the next area to pick up our badges. The next lady looks at us but before she can say anything I chime in. Were over 18. RIght, because I was going to say, you look young. I know, but were 18. Were inventors for Hasbro. Alright then, here are your badges. Im framing this. We said goodbye to Jonathan and Kevin, grabbed maps, and looked around. We had made it. We were at Toy Fair 2008. Awesome stair stickers Awesome banner We descended the escalator into the lower level of Toy Fair, had our badges scanned, and then entered the fray. Its hard to describe our emotional state at that moment. It was somewhere between when all the kids in Willy Wonka first saw the candy room, and when Little Inez won the Miss Teenage Hairspray pageant in Hairspray. It was SO overwhelming, you have no idea! It took us a little bit to figure out what to do, but eventually we went to the corner and started working our way up and down the aisles. Ill cover the just the highlights because there was WAY too much to blog. Pokemon Booth 8 years ago this would have been THE booth to be at. Giant Pokemon, toys everywhere, and an entire wall of trading cards. Back in my day there were only 150 Pokemon! Wiggle Racer This was probably our favorite item in the show. Yes, I know, theyve been around for a long time, but Id never seen them before and I want one. This is Kevin Stafford, the marketing guy, riding one. From 3 to 103 And this is how they work: We hung out here for a long time, bringing him a ton of good publicity as people flocked to see us play. People started to think that we worked there and were asking us all sorts of questions, which I tried to answer. Then I realized that I should stop pretending to work there and get on with the show, which I did, but I definitely recommend the Wiggle Racer. Cardboard Fire Truck I cant remember the name of the company, but there was a huge supply of large trucks and houses made of cardboard that are color-able. Genius? Genius. Fire Twuck! Poly Pong Four-Square meets ping-pong. Any questions? Im pretty terrible at this, actually, but its very fun. LEGO We didnt get a chance to actually go into the LEGO booth because they were doing private appointments, but we did get to check out the giant Star Wars and Indiana Jones LEGO sculptures. Star Wars Indiana Jones Id like to take this opportunity to inform you of some observations Maddie and I made while there. First off, we looked under 18 and people realized it. We got some NASTY looks from security and some people in booths. Seriously, we started to count how many scowls and glares we caught. Its almost as if these people didnt want kids looking at their toys. Another thing we noticed is that people hated that we represented Hasbro. Hasbro wasnt actually on the show floor, they had their own building across the street where they had a veritable museum of new toys. The show floor had a lot of individual shop owners and inventors trying to get their products marketed. Hasbro has the ability to steal, build, and market any of these toys on a whim. Guess what we looked like. . . .spies! One lady, who was selling giant pipe cleaners that could be used to build big fuzzy animals, pretty much told us to get away from her booth. She didnt want anything to do with us. We walked up to the Disney booth and asked if we could go in (it looked kind of private). The lady looked at us, looked at our badges, and said Um, let me get you some escorts. wtf? She walked over to another guy and said Can I let these two in? They look young. Luckily the guy wasnt as ignorant as she was. He looked at us, then at her, and said They have badges that say Hasbro. Of course theyre old enough, theyre fine, let them in. Thank you logical reasoning! For some reason all of the Nintendo toys were hidden away in the Disney booth. A DS holder Master Sword The Simpsons Two awesome Simpsons products made a showing. Duff Energy Drink. Good idea? I think so. Others? Not so much. Spoons, Simpsons style The issue with these is that the donuts were foam, and if youve ever played Spoons before then youd know that 7 foam donuts would quickly become 14 foam donuts. The guy there confessed that hed never thought of that and would inform his engineers. Therefore, if this game is released with plastic donuts, I take FULL credit. Plastic Smart Toys Soon we discovered a giant game of Rush Hour, which Maddie quickly dominated. Take that congestion! A whole table of Rubiks Cubes! By this time we were starting to run out of toys. Well, by run out of toys I mean that we had glanced at everything once. As we were heading toward some more toys we saw the Elmer booth, which for some reason was selling Bill Nye the Science Guy toys. Is Bill Nye here? Maddie asked. No, I dont see him, thatd be ridiculous. This is when I notice a sign. Bill Nye the Science Guy will be here on Monday from 2 PM to 4 PM. Our heads almost exploded out of excitement! We checked our watches, it was 1:30 PM. We meandered for a while and at about 2:15 we headed back to the Elmer booth. This is what we saw: Yes. Thats Bill Nye. Oh. My. God. Maddie and I waited a bit and then went up and started chatting with him. There was your typical awkward conversation to start with but then we started talking about MIT, toys, Hasbro, and then I brought up a very crucial point. TAKE NOTE MIT ADMINISTRATION, TAKE NOTE: Bill (first name basis, thats right), would you speak for MITs Class of 2011 commencement? Sure, Id be happy to. MIT would just have to ask me. ASK HIM!!!!!!!!! We chatted some more and then had our picture taken with him. He taught us the proper technique for taking your own picture, and this is the magical picture of the day. Bill is taking our picture with his left hand. Finally we got some autographs, thanked him a lot, and wandered off in a star-struck daze. OMG Science Rules! Toy Fair pretty much peaked at that point. We wandered some more, playing with toys, but nothing really matched meeting a childhood hero. Maddie and I got a bunch of business cards, a job offer, and some free toys before deciding to take off and get some dinner. We got distracted on the way to dinner and explored the TImes Square Toys R Us (so fun!) and then ate at TGI Fridays. After dinner it was a brisk walk back to the bus (9 oclock) and a 4 hour ride back to Boston. One more cab ride, a walk down dorm row, and we were finally back in our dorm. We had awesome badges, an awesome letter, pictures with Bill Nye, and a bunch of free and colorful stuff. It was an incredible day that I hope to remember forever. Nothing beats going to Toy Fair 2008 as a representative of Hasbro (on their dime), meeting Bill Nye, playing with toys, and eating dinner in New York City. Nothing beats it.

Every action is a selfish one and thus true altruism does not exist. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2530 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Psychology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Discuss in relation to theory and research on pro-social behaviour. Introduction Helping behaviour has been a focus of social psychological research since the 1950s (Hogg and Vaughan, 2008) and within this literature; there exists an abundance of studies concerned with the concept of altruism. The main aim of this essay is to consider the assertion that every action is a selfish one and thus true altruism does not exist. In order to do this, relevant theory and research on pro-social behaviour will be explored. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Every action is a selfish one and thus true altruism does not exist." essay for you Create order Broadly speaking, pro-social behaviour involves carrying out an act that benefits another (Hogg and Vaughan, 2008) and the interest in this topic since the 1950s, from a research point of view, has impressive longevity. Altruism, as a concept, has attracted much debate and is a type of helping behavior, essentially involving helping another without any expectation of personal gain (Batson and Coke, 1981; Macaulay and Berkowitz, 1970). Perhaps it is rather difficult to realistically suggest that an act could ever be categorised as truly altruistic or indeed if it is not, then it must be selfish. This essay will help to support the view that altruism exists to some extent but often there can be benefits for the individual in demonstrating this behaviour. Research has unfortunately at times aimed to minimise the assertion that a motive to help others without personal benefit can exist (Krueger, 2012). Theory and Research Wilson (2015, p.5) very recently documented that the question of how altruism evolves is such a controversy that is just entering its resolution phase. Altruism is a fairly complicated concept to explore and some of Wilsons (2015) writings reflect this. For instance, Wilson (2015) alludes to the idea that it can be challenging to truly understand an individuals intention when helping another in that it may be to feel better, win favour with God or ensure the other person is in debt to you. The question therefore might be along the lines of what constitutes truly altruistic behaviour and when does it become selfish. Wilson (2015) also helpfully simplifies how one might view altruism by focusing, temporarily, only on the behaviour. An example is illustrated by Wilson (2015) whereby if one individual helps another at a cost to themselves then that demonstrates altruism regardless of what they thought or felt about the situation. Pro-social behaviour theory provides mixed support for the idea of true altruism. For instance, altruism does not particularly receive support from the well-known bystander-calculus model (Piliavin, Dovidio, Gaertner and Clark, 1981), if one is to accept it. This model would assert that individuals would take action in an emergency essentially to reduce their own unpleasant arousal (Batson and Oleson, 1991). This theory clearly makes reference to the significance of the thoughts and feelings of the individual. It may suggest that in part, the helper is to a degree being selfish, but at the same time, is actually carrying out an act that helps another. From this point of view, altruism is perhaps not the correct term since the individual is driven to act, to an extent, to serve his or her own interest. Egoism and altruism have historically been framed as a versus relationship with Hogg and Vaughan (2004) summarising that a significant number of psychologists side with the theory supporting the egoism argument whereby behaviour is driven by personal gain. The work around egoism tends to feel like the darker side of pro-social behaviour theory and research. Some of the evidence showing apparent support for this theory is rather questionable. For instance, Manucia, Baumann, and Cialdini (1984) conducted an experiment whereby certain participants were given a placebo pill but told that by taking it, their current mood would freeze. This led to people under this condition apparently being not as likely to help an individual in need since it would not improve their mood. Brown and Maner (2012) praised the intelligence of this study although it does have an artificial feel about it and one could question how much it might reflect a real-life scenario. It cannot necessarily be used as evidence that altruism does not exist since for some people, the motivation in the first instance might be to actually help the other person (Brown and Maner, 2012). The above mentioned study is somewhat at odds with a review of theory and research regarding altruism at that time (Piliavin and Charng, 1990). One conclusion by these authors was that evidence from a number of fields such as sociology and social psychology among others suggest that altruism is indeed a feature of human nature (Piliavin and Charng, 1990). Bierhoff (2002) builds on this and suggests that altruism exists and reported that it is arguably perfectly captured in the parable of the Good Samaritan whereby having empathy for the victim led to the unselfish act of helping the victim to safety, even at personal cost. This parable is still taught in the modern day and apparent acts of altruism remain a feature of everyday society. This is not to discount the assumption that there could be side effects whereby the individual may experience private rewards for acts of altruism. It is now necessary to consider relevant research studies in more detail in order to further explore the rather controversial central claim that every action is a selfish one and true altruism does not exist. It has been unfortunate in a way that researchers have, more often than not, chosen to focus on anti-social rather than pro-social behaviour. This perhaps reflects a tendency to be more interested in the worst in people. This also leads to the idea that people may be more likely to dismiss altruism and consider other explanations for this type of helping or selfless behaviour. May (2011, p.25) implies that caution should be taken when interpreting altruism-based research in stating that the consensus among psychologists (and common sense) is that a great number of our mental states, even our motives, are not accessible to consciousness. As mentioned above, Wilsons (2015) more recent writings seem to have certain parallels with this and it may be that one has to accept that knowing the individuals intent to help may not be possible.   This could cast doubt on the reliability of much of the experimental work in the field of altr uism, particularly when self-reporting measures are so commonly used. Cialdini and colleagues certainly invested much effort in demonstrating that true altruism does not exist. In a related piece of research, Maner, Luce, Neuberg, Cialdini, Brown and Sagarin (2002) explored the effect of manipulated perspective taking with a focus on the empathy-helping relationship, which they suggested underpins altruism. Interestingly, the study featured 169 university students who had an incentive to participate in the study in order to help fulfill their academic requirements. There is a certain irony about this in that it does not reflect altruism towards the researchers. Following observing the views of participants who had listened to a particular interview, Maner et al. (2002) suggested that negative emotional states like sadness are more likely to lead to helping others rather than genuine altruism. While it is difficult to prove that true altruism does exist, Batson and colleagues a dopted a very different angle with regards to this concept. For instance, in a similar but earlier study, Batson, Sager, Garst, Kang, Rubchinsky and Dawson (1997) again used only university students to assess empathy and helping behaviour towards a young woman in need. In certain conditions, this woman was depicted as being from a rival university yet the students displayed empathy and a willingness to help. As with much of Batsons research, this paper argued that empathy for others brings about natural altruism in people. These above examples highlight the entirely different ways in which altruism can be framed. Krueger (2012) alludes to the idea that the search for true altruism is one that cannot realistically bring success. Research has unfortunately historically been rather black and white in its mission to explain altruism. It has almost featured a rivalry between benefitting the self against motives to benefit others. Krueger (2012, p.397) argues that it is more important to protect the motive to benefit others from being discounted while essentially avoiding branding people as selfish. It is perhaps possible to learn something valuable about the nature of altruism from a piece of research regarding giving blood (Evans and Ferguson, 2013). It is difficult to generalise findings to the wider population given that it involved only university students. However, this particular paper examined, via surveying an impressive 414 responders, the motivating factors underpinning white blood donation. Evans and Ferguson (2013) reported that giving blood does not appear to be an act that reflects the actual definition of pure altruism. Instead, a blend of factors such as a sense of contributing to society, a feeling of being able to benefit others and personal satisfaction might explain blood donation. There are apparent benefits to the individual giving blood in the experience of positive emotions, described as warm glow by Evans and Ferguson (2013). This may not reflect true altruism. It would however seem unfair to suggest that the generally accepted altruistic act of giving blood is selfish. If one continues to accept the view earlier put forward by May (2012), it would help to have some acceptance that it may not be possible to really know if true altruism exists. In a cross-cultural qualitative paper, Soosai-Nathan, Negri and Delle-Fave (2013) documented evidence from Indian and Italian cultures that illustrated that altruism can be more than a pro-social behaviour. Soosai-Nathan et al. (2013) suggest that altruism can help to improve relationships and boosts happiness and wellbeing. It would also be useful to view this in a positive light if possible while clearly, these types of personal rewards may well reinforce the altruistic behavior. It is fundamentally a good human quality though. This may be a more useful area for further research to improve wellbeing rather than aiming to disprove altruism, which has quite a dehumani sing feel to it. It would however be ignorant to bypass the idea that altruism is influenced by a number of factors. It would be overly simplistic to accept that it is just a natural trait of individuals. The area of giving money to fundraisers adds interesting insights to the understanding of altruism. Andreoni, Rao, and Tratchtman (2011) conducted a natural field experiment involving monitoring the giving of money to fundraisers in a particular area of Boston, USA, and noted that a high volume of people avoided, via a number of means, the fundraisers who were standing at exits of a shopping centre. Robson (2002) warns of the dangers of these types of studies, e.g. loss of ability to control variables and loss of validity. Nonetheless, Andreoni et al. (2011) suggest that people may avoid eye contact with a fundraiser as empathy may be triggered otherwise, leading to the giving of money. On the other hand, people may give as they would like to be seen as being altruistic. There may also be a compromise between giving money to charity and balancing personal finances. Andreoni et al. (2011) conclude that altruism in people is influenced significantly by a combination of social cues and psychological mechanisms. This is perhaps unsurprising but helps to illustrate the complexity of human altruism. Conclusions Firstly, it would seem incorrect to necessarily reject findings from pro or indeed anti altruism research. May (2012) summed things up nicely, reminding that so often, peoples true intentions and thoughts about a situation are not visible even to themselves. If one accepts this then there might not be great confidence in suggesting either that altruism definitely exists or that all acts are selfish. Altruism can certainly be viewed as a fairly controversial concept and one that has featured in social psychology theory and research for some years. It would appear that it is extremely difficult to be involved in a truly altruistic act and Staub (1974) much earlier alluded to this as generally when one acts in a pro-social way, inwardly, it can be rewarding, bringing about positive feelings. When considering all of the available evidence, perhaps it can be concluded that altruism in its truest sense, as its very definition states, does not exist. However, there is likely to be a n altruism continuum upon where most people in society would sit, rather than acts necessarily being classed in a fairly black and white fashion as altruistic or selfish. Krueger (2012) adopts a common sense stance on altruism and is suggestive that it exists and people do engage in acts designed to benefit others, without intended personal gain. References Andreoni, J., Rao, J. M., Trachtman, H. (2011). Avoiding the ask: a field experiment on altruism, empathy, and charitable giving. (No. w17648). National bureau of economic research. Batson, C.D., and Coke, J.S. (1981). Empathy: A source of altruistic motivation for helping? In Rushton, J.P., and Sorrentino, R.M. (eds.), Altruism and helping behaviour: Social, personality, and developmental perspectives (pp. 167-183). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Batson, C.D., and Oleson, K.C. (1991). Current status of the empathy-altruism hypothesis. In Clark, M.S. (ed), Prosocial behaviour (pp. 62-85). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Batson, D.C., Sager, K., Garst, E., Kang, M., Rubchinsky, K., and Dawson, K. (1997). Is empathy-induced helping due to self-other merging? Journal of personality and social psychology, 73 (3), 495-509. Bierhoff, H-W. (2002). Prosocial behaviour. East Sussex: Psychology Press. Brown, S.L., and Maner, J.K. (2012). Egoism or altruism: Hard-nosed experiments and deep p hilosophical questions. In Kenrick, D.T., Goldstein, N.J., and Braver, S.L. (ed), Six degrees of social influence: Science, application and the psychology of Robert Cialdini (pp. 109-118). New York: Oxford University Press. Evans, R. and Ferguson, E. (2013).Defining and measuring blood donor altruism: A theoretical approach from biology, economics and psychology. The International journal of transfusion medicine, 106, 118-126. Available from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/vox.12080/pdf (Accessed 01/10/15). Hogg, M.A., Vaughan, G.M. (2008). Social psychology (5th Edition). England: Pearson Education Limited. Krueger, J.I. (2012). Altruism gone mad. In Oakley, B., Knafo, A., Madhaven, G., and Wilson, D.S. (ed), Pathological altruism (pp. 395-405). New York: Oxford University Press. Macaulay, J.R., and Berkowitz, L.   (eds.) (1970). Altruism and helping behaviour: Social psychological studies of some antecedents and consequences. New York: Academic Press . Maner, J.K., Luce, C.L., Neuberg, S.L., Cialdini, R.B., Brown, S., and Sagarin, B.J. (2002). The effect of perspective taking on motivations for helping: Still no evidence for altruism. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 28, 1601-1610. Manucia, G.K.,Baumann, D.J., and Cialdini , R.B. (1984). Mood influences on helping: Direct effects or side effects? Journal of personality and social psychology, 46 (2), 357-364. May, J. (2011). Egoism, empathy and self-other merging. Southern journal of philosophy, 49, 25-39. Piliavin, J.A., and Charng, H-W. (1990). Altruism: A review of recent theory and research. Annual review of sociology, 16, 27-65. Piliavin, J.A., Dovidio, J.F., Gaertner,S.L., and Clark, R.D. (1981). Emergency intervention. New York: Academic Press. Robson, C. (2002). Real world research (2nd edition). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. Soosai-Nathan, L., Negri, L., and Delle-Fave, A. (2013). Beyond pro-social behaviour: An exploration of altruism in two cultures. Psychological studies, 58 (2), 103-114. Staub, E. (1974). Helping a distressed person: Social, personality and stimulus dterminants. In Berkowitz, L. (ed.), Advances in experimental and social psychology (Vol. 7), pp. 294-341. New York: Academic Press. Wilson, D.S. (2015). Does altruism exist?: Culture, genes and the welfare of others. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Essay What is Psychology and Who Are Psychologists

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Analysis Of `` Killings `` By Andre Dubus - 835 Words

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